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August 3, 2023
Structure of Education
Sonalika S.
Elementary Education
The education system of India is one of the largest of its kind in the world. More than 102.8 million people come under this education system.Elementary education in India has been emphasized to increase the literacy percentage of the country.India’s post-independence period has seen the launch of various schemes by the Government to promote education among the masses and to achieve universalization of elementary education in the country.The constitutional and legal statements that appear time to time are as follows:
- Constitutional mandate, 1950 – “The State shall endeavor to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education to all children until they complete the age of 14 years.”
- National Policy of Education, 1986 – “It shall be ensured that free and compulsory education of a satisfactory level is provided to all children up to 14 years of age before we enter the twenty first century”.
- Unnikrishnan Judgment, 1993 – “Every child/citizen of this country has a right to free education until he completes the age of fourteen years.”
The elementary education in India starts from the early child hood days.The system includes three stages: pre-primary, primary and middle level.The analytical report, given below, gives an insight into the state of elementary education in different states in the country.
Elementary Education: State Summary-2005
| State/UT | Districts | Blocks | Villages | Schools | Enrolment | Teachers |
| 1 | Andhra Pradesh 466725 | 23 | 1298 | 27702 | 92768 | 11335441 |
| 2 | Arunachal Pradesh 8670 | 15 | 78 | 1956 | 2224 | 208732 |
| 3 | Assam 155897 | 23 | 144 | 19774 | 40175 | 4056996 |
| 4 | Bihar 165309 | 37 | 532 | 32284 | 53275 | 12853348 |
| 5 | Chandigarh 4476 | 1 | 20 | 20 | 179 | 103867 |
| 6 | Chhattisgarh 104495 | 16 | 147 | 21647 | 38607 | 3872360 |
| 7 | Delhi 64899 | 9 | 27 | 75 | 4267 | 2046865 |
| 8 | Gujarat 190955 | 25 | 230 | 19557 | 36315 | 6819906 |
| 9 | Haryana 59905 | 19 | 119 | 7207 | 13199 | 2181447 |
| 10 | Himachal Pradesh 52618 | 12 | 115 | 9825 | 15676 | 1089609 |
| 11 | Jammu & Kashmir 71181 | 12 | 180 | 6152 | 15925 | 1351862 |
| 12 | Jharkhand 71126 | 22 | 222 | 18131 | 22199 | 3821676 |
| 13 | Karnataka 227665 | 27 | 180 | 27480 | 53461 | 7900129 |
| 14 | Kerala 118948 | 14 | 149 | 1924 | 11684 | 2966380 |
| 15 | Madhya Pradesh 377420 | 45 | 314 | 53266 | 111727 | 12180832 |
| 16 | Maharashtra 450785 | 35 | 366 | 40355 | 76581 | 11636869 |
| 17 | Meghalaya 25363 | 7 | 44 | 5039 | 8196 | 481356 |
| 18 | Mizoram 12582 | 8 | 36 | 782 | 2346 | 196856 |
| 19 | Nagaland 18306 | 8 | 49 | 1266 | 2356 | 400612 |
| 20 | Orissa 158481 | 30 | 381 | 36619 | 50849 | 5815653 |
| 21 | Pondicherry 4650 | 4 | 6 | 334 | 563 | 125339 |
| 22 | Punjab 91484 | 17 | 141 | 12385 | 21940 | 2683975 |
| 23 | Rajasthan 296041 | 32 | 333 | 36251 | 87691 | 9964401 |
| 24 | Sikkim 7682 | 4 | 11 | 512 | 1070 | 115289 |
| 25 | Tamil Nadu 250214 | 29 | 420 | 19758 | 50436 | 9784392 |
| 26 | Tripura 30441 | 4 | 45 | 924 | 3456 | 676836 |
| 27 | Uttar Pradesh 400721 | 70 | 962 | 85654 | 142856 | 27087566 |
| 28 | Uttaranchal 52922 | 13 | 102 | 11524 | 18628 | 1384944 |
| 29 | West Bengal 232311 | 20 | 482 | 37395 | 59165 | 12870492 |
| All Districts 4172272 | 581* | 535798 | 7133 | 1037813 | 156014030 | |
*Including bifurcated districts
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The pre-primary education begins at the age of five and it continues for one year.This is the initial stage of a child in his/her educational career.When the child reaches an age of six, he or she prepares to go for primary education.
Primary
The primary schooling system starts at the age of six.The Primary Stage consists of either from Classes I-V or from I-IV depending upon the education system of the state.The five years system i.e. Classes I-V is applicable in 20 States/UTs namely Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi and Karaikal and Yanam regions of Pondicherry.The four year system consists of classes I-IV which is applicable in Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Mahe region of Pondicherry.
Middle
The middle stage of education consists of classes either from VI-VIII or from VI-VII depending upon the states or union territories.The 18 states which come under the first category are: Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi and Karaikal region of Pondicherry.The second system (VI-VII) is effective in states like Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Mahe region of Pondicherry.
Special programmes under Elementary Education
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA)
“Sarva Siksha Abhiyan?? or “Education for All Movement?? was started by the Government of India to make the universalisation of elementary education in the country.The programme was mandated in the constitution making education free to children of ages 6-14 and a fundamental right.The programme aims to achieve the goal by 2010.
SSA has several plans in its hand.The programme includes opening of new schools in those areas where schooling facilities are not available.It also provides basic infrastructure to the existing schools by providing additional classrooms, toilets, drinking water, maintenance grant and other accessories.It also seeks to provide computer education to the children. The programme emphasizes on girl’s education and children with special needs.
Non-Formal Education
For making the universalisation of elementary education in the country an important measure adopted was opening of non-formal education centres for children in the age group 6-14.This system of education was adopted for those children who were not covered under the formal education system.
The children in the age group of 6-14 were out of the school either because they were not admitted in the schools or were withdrawing from the schools before the completion of their elementary education. Hence these children now get free education at their door step.Though this programme was started in the late 1978, it has been accelerated in the recent days. These non-formal centres are mainly located in the rural villages of the country.
Secondary Education
Stages:
Secondary education in India starts form class VIII or IX depending upon the states or union territories. The Secondary Stage consists of Classes IX-X in 19 States/UTs. Viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan , Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi and Karaikal region of Pondicherry.
The other stage i.e. classes VIII to X is adopted in 13 States/UTs viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Orissa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep and Mahe & Yanam regions of Pondicherry.
The Higher Secondary / Senior Secondary stage of school (classes XI-XII) which comes under the 10+2 pattern is available in all the States/UTs though in some States/UTs these classes run in Junior colleges or are attached with universities.
Medium of Study:
The medium of instruction at primary level is the regional language of the respective state.Teaching of Hindi and English is compulsory in most of the non-Hindi speaking states.The states like Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Karaikal region of Pondicherry have not accepted Hindi as a compulsory subject to be included in their syllabus.
Final Examinations:
The final examinations are conducted at the end of classes X and XII in all states and Union Territories. The State Boards or Councils conduct these examinations.The age limit for secondary exams varies from 14 to 16 whereas for higher secondary it varies from 16+ to 18+ years. In some states the first final examination is conducted at the middle school level of education.
Academic Session:
The academic session usually begins from July after a long summer vacation in most of the states but it is different in hilly states where the winter vacation is significant.
The total number of working days is more than 200 days in all states and Union Territories.
Higher Education
Introduction
The Higher Education sector of India is the third largest in the world in terms of number of students.The higher education refers to the study in colleges, universities and research centres.After the completion of class 12th or intermediate course a student generally goes for higher study.The country has about 380 universities and deemed universities, over 17,500 colleges and hundreds of national and regional research institutes.The institutes for higher learning in India follow specific rules as made by the state or the central government.There are also some statutory and autonomous bodies running in the country to regulate the higher education system in the country.
Undergraduate Colleges
The initial period of the higher education starts from the undergraduate level.After completion of intermediate level (i.e.10+2 or class 12th) in any stream a student is eligible to pursue higher education.
The duration of study is either three years or four years or even five years in case of Medical Science or Architecture etc. The Engineering degree is of four years duration and all other degree courses in Arts, Commerce and Basic Sciences are of three years duration.After successful completion of the course a student is awarded a degree by the college or by the university with which the college is affiliated.
There are more than 16,000 colleges in India.These colleges are affiliated to different universities of their state.The pattern of examination varies from one university to the other.Some holds annual examination while other conducts semesters.The total marks also differ from one university to the other.Some universities have started the “grading system?? for awarding degrees.The syllabus for a particular course is designed by the affiliating university and it is in a state of modification from time to time.
The colleges of India follow the reservation policy as mandated by the government.There is provision of reservation of seats in colleges for special categories like Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Castes (OBCs), Physically Challenged, Sports Personalities and other categories as classified by the reservation act.
Click here for list of top colleges…
Universities
A university is an institution of higher learning that offers degrees at all levels (Bachelor, Master or Doctorate) in different fields.There are as many as 300 universities in India which are either state, central or deemed universities.These universities provide different programmes and also carry out researches in respective fields.
The Post Graduate or Masters Degree programme is offered at all universities in the country. Generally the duration of masters’ degree programme is of two years.After successful completion of programme in any discipline, the student is awardedMasters degree in the same field.The student who undergoes Master programme would get intensive theory and practical classes.Sometime internships and trainings are also covered as a part of the programme of study to sharpen the skills of the student.
Universities of India follow the guidelines of the University Grant Commission (UGC). The funds are provided by the state governments or by the UGC.
Evaluation Process
Evaluation process in Indian Education System is meant for evaluating the academic standard of a student by awarding grades, divisions, marks or by any other forms as recognized by the government.
Grading system in secondary school
– 85% and above -Excellent
– 80-85% – Superior
– 70-80% – Very good
– 60-70% – Good
– 50-60% – Satisfactory
– 40-50% – Average
– 35-40% – Pass
– Below 40% – Fail
Grading systems in higher education institutions
– 60-100% – First Division
– 50-59% – Second Division
– 40-49% – Third Division
The most predominant form of grading system (in evaluation process) in the country is the percentage system. In this process the marks obtained by the student is divided by the maximum marks to obtain the percentage for award of division or class.
However, some universities in India have started to follow a marking system based on a grade point average. The grading system in these institutes is a Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) on a 10 or 4 point scale. Notably, all the IITs, BITS Pilani (Pilani, Goa campuses) and most NITs use a 10-point Grade point Average (GPA) system.However, the grades themselves may be absolute (as in NITs), exclusively relative (as in BITS Pilani), or a combination of absolute, relative and/or historic, as in some IITs.
Click here to know more about Universities in India…
The Degrees specified and recognized by the University Grants Commission:
Abbreviation: AMBS
Expanded Nomenclature: Ayurved acharya Bachelor of Medicine & Surgery
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: Acharya
Expanded Nomenclature: Acharya
Years of Study: 2 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: Alankar
Expanded Nomenclature: Alankar
Years of Study: 3 Years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: Ayurved acharya
Expanded Nomenclature: Ayurved acharya
Years of Study: 5 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.A.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Arts
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.A.M
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+12
Abbreviation: B.A.M.S
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery
Years of Study: 5 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Agri
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Agriculture
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Arch.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Architecture
Years of Study: 5 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+12
Abbreviation: B.C.E
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.C.L.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Civil Law
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2+3
Abbreviation: B.Ch.E.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Chemical Engg.
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Chem.Tech.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Chemical Technology
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Com
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Commerce
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.D.S.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Dental Surgery
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Dance
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Dance
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.E.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Engineering
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.E.E.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Electrical Engeei.
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Ed.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Education
Years of Study: 1 year
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2+3
Abbreviation: B.F.Sc.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of fisheries Science
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.GL
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of General Law
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2+3
Abbreviation: B.IM
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Indian Medicine
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.L
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Law or Laws (Integrated Course).
Years of Study: 5 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.litt.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Literature
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.litt.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Literature
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.M.B.S
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.M.E
Expanded Nomenclature: Abbreviation: Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Mus
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Music
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Nat (Ayu)
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Ayurved in Naturopathy
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Nurs
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Nursing
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.OL
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Oriental Learning
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.PE
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Physical Education
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Pharm
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Pharmacy
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Pharm(Ayu)
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Ayurved in Pharmacy
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.S.Sc.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of sanitary Science
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Sc.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Science
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.T.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Training
Years of Study: 1 year
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2+3
Abbreviation: B.Tech
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Technology
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Tel.E.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Tele Communication Engg.
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.Text
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Textiles
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.V.Sc.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Veterinary Science
Years of Study: 5 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: B.V.Sc. & A.H.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Veterinary Science And Animal Husbandry
Years of Study: 5 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Bachelor of Lib.Sc.
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Library Science
Years of Study: 1 year
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2+3
Abbreviation: Bhasha Parveena
Expanded Nomenclature: Bhasha Parveena
Years of Study: 5 years
Abbreviation: D.Ay.M
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Ayurvedic Medicine
Abbreviation: D.Ed.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Education *
Abbreviation: D.Engg.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Engineering *
Abbreviation: D.Hy.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Hygiene *
Abbreviation: D.L.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Law *
Abbreviation: D.Litt.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Literature or Doctor of *
Abbreviation: D.M.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Medicine (in2 years Cardiology)
Abbreviation: D.Mus.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Music
2 years
Abbreviation: D.O.L.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Oriental Learning *
Abbreviation: D.Phil
Expanded Nomenclature:Doctor of Philosophy *
Abbreviation: D.Sc.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Sciences *
Abbreviation: Granthallaya
Expanded Nomenclature: Granthalaya
Years of Study: 1 year
Minimum Eligibility: 4-BLIS (Granthalaya Vigyan Shastri).
Abbreviation: Hindi Shiksha Visharad
Expanded Nomenclature: Hindi Shiksha Visharad
Years of Study: 2 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: LL.B
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Law or Laws
Years of Study: 3 years
Minimum Eligibility: 10+2
Abbreviation: LLD
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Laws *
Abbreviation: LLM
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Law of Laws
Years of Study: 2 years
Minimum Eligibility: Graduation in Law
Abbreviation: MA
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Arts
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Arch
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Architecture
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: MBA
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Business Administration
Years of Study: 2 years
Minimum Eligibility: Bachelor’s degree in any discipline of a recognized Univ. with at least 50% marks.
Abbreviation: MBBS
Expanded Nomenclature: Bachelor of Medicineand Bachelor of Surgery.
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Abbreviation: M.Ch.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Chirungiae
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Ch.E
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of chemical Engg.
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Com.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Commerce
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.D.
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Medicine
Years of Study: 3 years
Abbreviation: M.Dance
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Dance
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.E.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Engineering
Years of Study: 1 ½ years
Abbreviation: M.E.E.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Electrical Engineering
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Abbreviation: M.Ed.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Education
Years of Study: 1 year
Abbreviation: M.Ind
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Indology
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.L
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Laws
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Lib.Sc.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Library Science
Years of Study: 1 year
Abbreviation: M.Litt.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Literature or Master of Letters
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.M.E.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Mechanical Engineering
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Mus
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Music
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.O.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Obstetrics or Master of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.O.L.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Oriental Learning
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.P.E.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Physical Education
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Pharm.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Pharmacy
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Phil
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Philosophy
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Plan
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Planning 2years
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.S
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Surgery
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.S.A.M.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Ayurved in Medicine and Surgery
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.S.W.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Social Work
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Sc.
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Science
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Stat
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Statistics
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.Tech
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Technology
Years of Study: 1 ½ years
Abbreviation: M.Text
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Textiles
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: M.V.Sc
Expanded Nomenclature: Master of Veterinary Science
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: Parangat
Expanded Nomenclature: Parangat
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: Ph.D
Expanded Nomenclature: Doctor of Philosophy *
Abbreviation: Samaj Karya Parangat
Expanded Nomenclature: Samaj Karya Parangat
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: Samaj VidyaParangat
Expanded Nomenclature: Samaj Vidya Parangat
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: Samaj Vidya Visharad
Expanded Nomenclature: Samaj Vidya Visharad
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: Shastri
Expanded Nomenclature: Shastri
Years of Study: 3 years
Abbreviation: Shikshan Parangat
Expanded Nomenclature: Shikshan Parangat
Years of Study: 2 years
Minimum Eligibility: M.A
Abbreviation: ShikshanVisharad
Expanded Nomenclature: Shikshan Visharad
Years of Study: 1 years
Abbreviation: Shiksha Shastri
Expanded Nomenclature: Shiksha Shastri
Years of Study: 1 years
Abbreviation: Vachaspati
Expanded Nomenclature: Vachaspati
Years of Study: 2 years
Abbreviation: Vidya Praveena
Expanded Nomenclature: Vidya Praveena
Years of Study: 5 years
Abbreviation: VidyaVachaspati
Expanded Nomenclature: Vidya Vachaspati
Years of Study: 1 year
Abbreviation: Vidya Varidhi
Expanded Nomenclature: Vidya Varidhi
Years of Study: 2 years
* These degrees are awarded on the basis of the thesis submitted by the candidate.
Degrees specified in 1998under Section 22 of the UGC Act.
Abbreviation: Anu Parangat
Expanded Nomenclature:M.Phil
Years of Study: 1year
Minimum Eligibility:Master/Parangat
Abbreviation: Ayurveda Vachaspati
Expanded Nomenclature:Ph.D in Ayurveda
Minimum Eligibility:Master
Abbreviation:BA/B.Ed.
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Education
Years of Study: 4years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BBA
Bachelor of Business Administration
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BBM
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Business Management
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BCA
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Computer Applications
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: B.Com/B.Ed
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Education
Years of Study: 4years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: B.FA
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Fine Arts
Years of Study: 4years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: B.H.M.S
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine
Years of Study: 5 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BJ
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Journalism
Years of Study: 3 or 1years
(3years after XII Standard:1 year after Degree)
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BLIS
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Library and Information Science
Years of Study: 3years
Bachelor’s Degree Abbreviation: BOT
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Occupational Therapy
Years of Study: 4years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BPEd
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Physical Education
Years of Study: 1year
Minimum Eligibility:Bachelor’s Degree
Abbreviation: BPP
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Physical Planning
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BPS
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Professional Studies
(University to be addressed)
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BPT
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Physiotherapy
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: B.Sc (Nursing)
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Years of Study: 4 years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: B.Sc (Sericulture)
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Science in Sericulture
Years of Study: 4years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: B.Sc/B.Ed
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Education
Years of Study: 4years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: B.S.M.S
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard Abbreviation: B.Stat
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Statistics
(University to be addressed)
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BSW
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Social Work
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation: BUMS
Expanded Nomenclature:Bachelor of Unani Medicine
Years of Study: 4 ½ years
Minimum Eligibility:XII Standard
Abbreviation: MCA
Expanded Nomenclature:Master of Computer Applications
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility:Bachelor’s Degree Abbreviation: MDS
Expanded Nomenclature:Master of Dental Surgery
Years of Study: 2years
Minimum Eligibility:BDS
Abbreviation: MFA
Expanded Nomenclature:Master of Fine Arts
Years of Study: 2years
Minimum Eligibility:BFA
Abbreviation: MFSc.
Expanded Nomenclature:Master of Fishery Science
Years of Study: 2years
Minimum Eligibility:Bachelor’s Degree
Abbreviation: MJ
Expanded Nomenclature:Master of Journalism
Years of Study: 2years
Minimum Eligibility:Degree
Abbreviation: MLIS
Expanded Nomenclature:Master of Library and Information Science
Years of Study: 2years
Minimum Eligibility:BLIS/BLib
Abbreviation: MP Ed
Expanded Nomenclature:Master of Physical Education
Years of Study: 1year
Minimum Eligibility:BPED
Abbreviation: Shiksha Acharya
Expanded Nomenclature: Shiksha Acharya
Years of Study: 1year
Minimum Eligibility: BEd
Abbreviation: Vidya Nishaat
Expanded Nomenclature:Vidya Nishaat
Years of Study: 1year
Minimum Eligibility:Master’s Degree
Abbreviation:Vidyalankar
Expanded Nomenclature: Vidyalankar
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Abbreviation:Visharad
Expanded Nomenclature:Visharad
Years of Study: 3years
Minimum Eligibility: XII Standard
Technical and Management Education (IITs, IIMs, NITs etc.)
Technical Education
The birth of technical education in India dates back to the early 19th century.But the development in this field was accelerated after India got its independence in 1947.During last three decades the technical education in the country has attained great hights.There is a well organized structure and a wide network of technical institutes offering different programmes.These include craftsman courses, technician (diploma) courses; graduate and post- graduate courses and also research programmes. These programmes inculcate knowledge, skills and competences among the students.
I. Post Matric Technical Education
This includes Diploma courses in Engineering and technology, which are offered in various technical schools and polytechnics located in various states and union territories.The course is of three years duration. Recently a number of diversified courses and facilities have been provided to students who prefer to take part time education.The products of the Diploma courses are expected to take up a supervisory position in field and industry.
II. Degree level
The engineering education at degree level is offered by a number of government and private un-aided institutes of the country located in various states and union territories.These institutes follow the guide lines of the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).These programmes are either B. Tech or B. E. as prepared by the respective institute or university.The Bachelors Degree programme is of four years duration.Some institutes follow the annual examination pattern while others follow the semester system of examination.The scoring system may be in terms of grades or marks.After successful completion of the course the student is awarded with the degree in the relevant discipline.
The country has some renowned institutes like Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs) located in different states.These institutes are of national and international importance.There are 7 IITs and 17 NITs in India which offer quality technical education to the students.
Courses offered in Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
Under Graduate Level
1.Civil Engineering 2. Mechanical Engineering 3. Electrical Engineering 4. Chemical Engineering 5. Textile Technology 6.Metallurgy 7. Aeronautical Engineering 8. Mining Engineering 9. Agricultural Engineering 10.Naval Architecture 11.Architecture 12.Applied Geology 13.Exploration Geo-Physics 14.Electronics and communication
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Courses offered in National Institute of Technology (NITs)
Under Graduate Level
1. Civil Engineering 2. Mechanical Engineering 3. Electrical Engineering 4. Electronics and Communication 5.Metallurgy 6.Architecture 7. Chemical Engineering
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P.G. degree level
The post-graduate degree programmes offered in various institutes include M.E. or M.Tech. Basically these programmes are of two years duration. The institutes like IITs, NITs and other renowned institutes of the country provide these programmes.
Courses offered in P.G. Diploma level
1. Traffic Engineering 2. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning 3. Hydrology 4. Technology of Food & Drugs 5. Computer Science 6.Computer Control Engineering 7. Scientific Instrumentation 8.Instrumentation Technology 9.Highway Engineering 10.Irrigation & Hydraulics 11.Inland water navigation Engineering 12.Town Planning etc.
Courses offered in P.G. Degree level
1.Civil Engineering 2.Mechanical Engineering 3.Electrical Engineering 4.Chemical Engineering 5.Food & Bio-Chemical Engineering 6.Pharmacy 7.Chemical Technology 8.Textile Engineering 9.Electronics & Communication Engineering 10.Metallurgical Engineering 11.Architecture 12.Mining Engineering 13.Silicate Technology 14.Applied Mechanics 15.Town Planning 16.Applied Geology 17.Space Engineering & Rocketry 18.Aeronautical Engineering 19. Operations Research 20.Exploration Geophysics 21.Regional Planning 22.Mineral Engineering 23. Industrial Management & Industrial Engg. 24.Agricultural Engineering.
Courses offered in IITs
Post Graduate Level
1.Aeronautical Engineering 2.Agricultural Engineering 3.Chemical Engineering 4.Civil Engineering 5.Electrical Engineering 6.Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering 7.Mechanical Engineering 8.Metallurgical Engineering 9.Mineral Engineering 10.Mining Engineering 11.Industrial Management and Industrial Engg. 12.Operations Research 13.City Planning 14.Regional Planning 15.Architecture 16.Applied Geology 17.Exploration Geophysics.
Courses offered in NITs
Post Graduate Level
1.Civil Engineering 2.Electrical Engineering 3.Mechanical Engineering 4.Metallurgical Engineering 5.Public Health Engineering 6.Structural Engineering
M.Tech. Industry-oriented Courses in NITs
1.Design & Production Engineering Machine Tools. 2.Electronics Instrumentation 3.Transportation Engineering 4.Chemical Plant Engineering 5.Advanced Physics 6.Advanced Engineering Mathematics 7.Hydraulics and Ground water Resources Eng 8.Design & Production – Power Plant Machinery Hydro-Electric. 9.Design & Production – Power Plant Machinery-Thermal 10.Design & Production – Power Plant Machinery-Heavy Electrical Equipment. 11.Foundation Engineering (Applied to Vibratory System) 12.Engineering Materials 13.Design & Production Engineering Medium Duty Machines 14.Mechanical Shaping of Metals (Rolling, Forging and Heat Treatment) 15.Extractive Metallurgy and Foundry with emphasis on Alloy Steel Production 16.Production of Fertilizers. 17.Extractive Metallurgy 18.Foundry Technology 19.Public Health Engineering 20.Integrated Power System and Diploma course in Metallurgy Ferro Alloys Production 21.Marine Structure 22.Industrial Structures 23.Industrial Physics 24.Analysis and Design of Process Equipment 25.Production of Process Machines and Equipment 26.Design of Process Machines 27.Design & Production – High Pressure Boilers and Accessories 28.Design & Production – Heavy Machines with emphasis on mechanical equipment for steel plants 29.Technology of Metallurgical Furn.
Technical and Professional Institutes under the Union Department of Secondary & Higher Education
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
National Institute of Technologies (formerly called Regional Engineering Colleges)
School of Planning & Architecture
For more details, Click Here.
Management Education
In India, all educational institutes which are providing management education are certified by the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE).The management study and training in the country come with a variety of names –Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Management Studies (MMS), Master in Finance Control (MFC), PG Diploma in Business Management, Post-Graduate Program in Public Management & Policy (PGP-PMP), Master of Public Administration (MPA), PG. Diploma in Management (PGDIM), PG. Diploma in Human Resource Management (PGDHRM), PG. Diploma in Financial Management (PGDFM), PG. Diploma in Operations Management (PGDOM), PG. Diploma in Marketing Management (PGDMM) and so on.During the course, there are prospects of internship from campus providing a glimpse into the operation of an organization.There is ample scope for role-play and other simulations to develop skills in relevant areas.
Some common names in the world of management education are the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs).There are six IIMs in the country located in various cities.These institutes are famous worldwide for imparting quality management education to the students of the country.
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Research Centres
Basic researches in India are mostly limited to academic institutions, universities, national and regional research laboratories and other central research development organizations. There are premier research establishments like BARC, ISRO, DRDO, ICAR, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Institute for Plasma Research, The Institute of Physics and many others such centres which are responsible for intensive research works in various fields of Science and Humanities.
For more details on research centers in India, Click Here
Teacher Training Institutes
The main aim of providing training to the teachers is to bring reformation in the curriculum in schools throughout the country.Teachers are the most respectable personalities in the society who play a great role in making the lives of the children. Teachers must educate themselves to have an idea about the recent development of education through technology and should also pass it to their students for their future prospects. There are a number of teacher training institutes established in various states of the country to provide training-based education to teachers. The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is an advisory apex body for the Central and State Governments on all matters pertaining to teacher education.
TTTI, Bhopal is another institute established by the government of India for development of technical education in the country.It is now the leader for integrated development of world class Technical Education and Training System through all possible means including teacher education, research and development and consultancy, consistent with the needs of the industry and community.
For more details, Click Here.
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