| Businessand Economic Terms-India |
| DDA | Doha Development Agenda |
|
| Death rate | The number of deaths per thousand of the population in a year. |
| Debentures | Long-term fixed interest loans obtained by companies. |
| Demand curve | A graph which shows the amount of good and/or services that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices. |
| Demand pull inflation | Occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply. |
| Demand-pull inflation | This occurs when the excess of aggregate demand over aggregate supply causes an increase in the general level of prices. |
| De-merging | One company splits up to form two new firms. These new firms are frequently companies which used to be separate prior to the initial merger. |
| Depreciation of sterling | When market forces lower the value of the sterling (£) from one fixed rate to another. |
| Deregulation | The removal of controls on a particular market, e.g. abandonment of a licensing system for taxis. |
| Devaluation | Occurs when the Government lowers the value of its currency from one fixed rate to another. |
| Developed countries | Countries with high levels of real national income per head and relatively large tertiary sectors. |
| Developing countries | Countries with low levels of real national income per head and relatively large primary sectors. |
| Direct taxation | Taxes on income and wealth. |
| Discounting | Future costs and benefits are difficult to measure. The present value (P) of future benefits less costs is found by discounting. |
| Disequilibrium | A state of imbalance in which there is tendency for change. |
| Double counting | Including transfer payments, intermediate expenditures or outputs and stock appreciation in national accounts. |
| DSB | Dispute Settlement Body |
| DSU | Dispute Settlement Understanding |
| Dumping | The sale of goods in a foreign country at a price below what cost in the home market. |
| Earnings per share | Net income of a company; net of preferred dividends divided by a weighted average of total shares outstanding for the period. One of the most widely watched indicators of the profitability of a company. |
| EC | European Communities |
Economic and Business
Terms | |
| Economies of scale | A reduction in long-run unit costs which arise form an increase in production. |
| EFTA | European Free Trade Association |
| Elasticity of demand | The responsiveness of demand to a given change in price or income. |
| Elasticity of supply | The responsiveness of supply to a given change in price. |
| Engel curve | A curve showing the relationship between income and consumption. |
| EU | European Union (officially European Communities in WTO |
Exchange rate mechanism
(ERM) | A system operated by some members of the European Union where the Central Banks of members intervene to stabilize the exchange rate of currencies within agreed limits. |
| Exchange rate | The price of one currency in terms of another currency. More generally, the price at which any good is being traded for another good. |
| Factor cost | The value of output measured in terms of the cost of the factors of production used to produce it. |
| Factor incomes | Rewards to the factors of production, e.g. labor receives wages. |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization |
Fisher`s quantity theory
of
money | The view that changes in the money supply have a direct and proportionate effect on the price level. |
| Forward market | A market in forward contracts of a commodity or currency, which are agreements to buy or sell the commodity or currency at a future date. The contracts are not negotiable. |
| Free goods | A good in unlimited supply at zero price, e.g. air |
| Free trade area/zone | A group of countries which removes tariff barriers between member countries but allows each member to decide on its own tariff policy towards non-members. |
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